This paper concerns the planning, design, and construction history of a postwar multifamily housing block in Ankara, Turkey, viewed from the perspective of the transnational and local networks behind its realization. It was the tallest housing block in the Esat neighborhood, with a reinforced concrete structural framework, pilotisand a terraced roof with communal spaces. Besides adopting the formal characteristics and common construction materials of its time, as this paper suggests, the building is emblematic of the postwar housing production from policy and development to design, construction, and domestic culture. Through content analysis based on archival sources, official reports and architectural drawings as well as oral testimonies collected from cooperative members and residents of the building, this paper questions the transnational extent of the Marshall Plan, to which a local housing cooperative could represent. In this respect, the paper argues that the block is a transnational prototype of US-guided local modernization, based on the US-promoted self-help model that introduced an autonomous organization to housing production in Turkey. Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Planung, der Gestaltung und der Baugeschichte eines Mehrfamilienwohnblocks aus der Nachkriegszeit im türkischen Ankara und beleuchtet dazu die länderübergreifenden und lokalen Netzwerke, die bei seiner Entstehung zum Tragen kamen. Gebaut wurde er von der Mintrak-Wohnungsbaugenossenschaftdie von leitenden Bauingenieuren und Script Hook V Casino Update von TürkTraktör — der ersten, im Zuge des Marshall-Plans eröffneten Traktorenfirma der Türkei — gegründet worden war. Der Wohnblock ist ein lokales Beispiel für den Internationalen Stil, der überall in der Türkei zu finden ist. Der Bau übernimmt nicht nur die formalen Merkmale und üblichen Baumaterialien seiner Zeit, sondern ist zudem, wie aus diesem Beitrag hervorgeht, repräsentativ für den Wohnungsbau der Nachkriegszeit, in der Politik und Entwicklung ausschlaggebend für die Gestaltung, den Bau und die Wohnkultur waren. Der aufgrund der Wohnungsbaupolitik nach dem Krieg als Teil einer Arbeiter-Wohnungsgenossenschaft gebaute, aber von leitenden, in den USA ausgebildeten Angestellten eines transnationalen Unternehmens gegründete Block ist — im Hinblick auf transnationalen und lokalen Austausch und dessen Folgen für Stadt, Architektur und Gesellschaft — ein Paradebeispiel für die Amerikanisierung der Türkei in der Nachkriegszeit. Inhaltlich stützt sich die Untersuchung auf Archivquellen und Architekturzeichnungen sowie auf offizielle Berichte und Zeitzeugenaussagen von Genossenschaftsmitgliedern und Bewohnern des Gebäudes. Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, ob eine lokale Wohnungsgenossenschaft die länderübergreifende Tragweite des Marshall-Plans repräsentieren kann. Entsprechend kommt der Artikel zu dem Schluss, dass der Wohnblock ein transnationaler Prototyp der US-amerikanisch angeleiteten lokalen Modernisierung war, der auf einem von den US-Amerikanern beworbenen Selbsthilfemodell basierte, mit dem eine eigenständige Organisationsform in den Wohnungsbausektor der Türkei eingeführt wurde. El artículo relata la historia de la planificación, el diseño y la construcción de un edificio de viviendas multifamiliar en el periodo de posguerra en Ankara, Turquía, y su relación con las redes locales y transnacionales. Construido por la Mintrak Building Cooperativefundada por ingenieros y directores ejecutivos de TürkTraktör, la primera empresa de tractores de Turquía establecida como parte del Plan Marshallel edificio constituye uno de los ejemplos locales del estilo internacional que se implantó en todo el país. En su momento, se trataba del edificio de apartamentos más alto del distrito de Esat. Poseía estructura de hormigón armado sobre pilotes, azotea y espacios comunes. Además de adoptar las características formales y los materiales de construcción propios de su época, el Script Hook V Casino Update es representativo de la producción de viviendas del periodo de posguerra, como bien refleja el artículo, tanto desde un punto de vista político, en relación con el desarrollo, como en lo referente al diseño, la edificación y la cultura local. La política de vivienda de la posguerra fomentaba las cooperativas de viviendas para trabajadores. Obedeciendo a dicha política y aun perteneciendo a empleados ejecutivos de una empresa transnacional formados en los Estados Unidos, el edificio ilustra la americanización de Turquía después de la guerra, en sus relaciones transnacionales y locales, y la huella de dichas relaciones en los ámbitos urbanístico, arquitectónico y social. A este respecto, se sostiene que el edificio es un prototipo transnacional de modernización local dirigida desde los Estados Unidos y basada en el modelo de autoayuda promovido también desde los Estados Unidos, que introdujo una organización autónoma en la producción de vivienda en Turquía. Cet article suggère qu'en plus d'adopter les caractéristiques formelles et les matériaux de construction courants de son époque, le bâtiment est très représentatif de la production de logements de l'après-guerre : politique, développement, conception, mise en œuvre et culture domestique. Questo articolo ripercorre la storia della pianificazione, della progettazione e della costruzione di un complesso residenziale multifamiliare cooperativo del dopoguerra ad Ankara, in Turchia, alla luce delle reti transnazionali e locali alla base della sua realizzazione. Con la sua struttura in cemento armato, i suoi pilotis e il suo tetto a terrazza con spazi comuni, nel momento della sua costruzione era il più alto edificio del quartiere di Esat. This article originates from my further research on the building, including oral testimonies collected from cooperative members and residents, that I conducted in as part of the doctoral seminar AH Architectural History Research Studio: Ankaraled by Prof. Altan, Prof. Bayraktar and Assoc. I am grateful to Prof. Elvan Altan for kindly offering the opportunity to share my research in the panel and for her editorial support in the book chapter; to Prof. Finally, I am thankful to the anonymous reviewers, issue editors, journal editors, and copyeditors of this article for their in-depth reviews and comments which helped me construct a more concise and stronger text. The Marshall Plan is an international cooperative. Participating members help each other on the condition of their self-help. This is a public program. Its aim is: a better occupation, a better home, a better healthcare, a fairer distribution system, and increasing standard of life through political and economic rights. Öz left Turkey for Yale inupon finishing his undergraduate studies in law at Ankara University, when the Turkish-American Association, of which Öz would later serve as director, was founded in Ankara as part of a bilateral agreement signed in between the two governments. The consortium was piloted by Vecdi Dikera civil engineer educated at the University of Missouri, and the first director of the General Directorate of Highways in Turkey. The first tractor rolled off its assembly line on March 8, Koç Trade Co. He had foreseen the US-guided postwar free trade boom and, inhad already made profitable deals with many US companies. The program was led by James M. Script Hook V Casino Update, who came to Turkey in the summer ofimmediately after the general elections on May 14,that brought the opposition DP to power. Script Hook V Casino Update promoted both cultural and business cooperation, making contacts with major US companies engaging in transnational activities.
Favorilere Ekle. Steam'i Yükleyin. For extensive research on how self-help housing became a strategical tool of the US postwar activity by the transnational agency of experts like Jacob L. The Marshall Plan is an international cooperative. Figure The revised façade and original terraced roof. For a detailed history of the institution concerning its housing policy see Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu Konut Kredisi Mevzuatı , op.
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Bu dosyanın içinde ''bin'' adında bir klasör olacaktır. EXE. Oyuna kurmanız çok basit! Zip dosyasını açıyoruz. GTA 5 PC MODS INSTALLIEREN | TUTORIAL | Script Hook V + OpenIV install | Super easy für Einsteiger. Öncelikle Script Hook V'den başlayalım. This paper concerns the planning, design, and construction history of a postwar multifamily housing block in Ankara, Turkey, viewed from the perspective of. Bu videoyu paylaş. Script Hook V kullanışlıdır GTA V'de modlama yapmak için uygulama. Yüklemeniz gereken kaç güncelleme olursa olsun, indirmek ve kullanmak ücretsizdir.Advertisements in the press of the time announcing newly established cooperatives and calling for new members to become shareholders also popularized cooperative housing as a private-led investment model that gradually led to the contractor-built apartment block. For a more recent and extensive volume on postwar development, see Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative ed. Barker, who came to Turkey in the summer of , immediately after the general elections on May 14, , that brought the opposition DP to power. The program was led by James M. Significantly for this aspect, given that the cooperative functioned economically as a private enterprise and socially as a community working and living together, and that it granted its members the freedom to construct, buy, or sell —in other words, the freedom to commodify —their domestic comfort, the Mintrak represents par excellence the Americanization of postwar housing in Turkey. Haut de page. Uygulama sürümünün GTA V sürümünü desteklediğinden emin olmanız gerektiğini unutmayın. Accessed 17 June However, since the late s, it has been dominated by the apartment block typology, especially after the Flat Ownership Law of , which was pioneered by the cooperative experiment, as we saw earlier. Komut dosyası kancası, oynatıcı çok oyunculu modda olduğunda özel komut dosyalarını devre dışı bırakır. On the Each double-fronted flat featured two larger-than-average recessed balconies. Only they had the networks essential to acquiring the technical and intellectual know-how and the materials to construct local examples of the Hiltonculuk phenomenon. Bu yazılım programıyla ilişkili dosyayı ve URL'leri dünyanın önde gelen 50 anti-virüs servisinde inceledik ve herhangi bir muhtemel tehlike saptanmadı. Navigation — Plan du site. Bu öğe Grand Theft Auto V ile uyumsuz. Nihat Yücel and Raşit Uybadin had submitted the winning entry in the international master plan competition for Ankara, the jury for which included Patrick Abercrombie and Luigi Piccinato. Der Wohnblock ist ein lokales Beispiel für den Internationalen Stil, der überall in der Türkei zu finden ist. Sadece siz görebilirsiniz. Translation by the author of this article. Entsprechend kommt der Artikel zu dem Schluss, dass der Wohnblock ein transnationaler Prototyp der US-amerikanisch angeleiteten lokalen Modernisierung war, der auf einem von den US-Amerikanern beworbenen Selbsthilfemodell basierte, mit dem eine eigenständige Organisationsform in den Wohnungsbausektor der Türkei eingeführt wurde. Bu kapsamlı süreç, aşağıdaki gösterildiği gibi, bize tüm indirilebilir dosyalar için durum belirleme olanağı sağlar:. Der Bau übernimmt nicht nur die formalen Merkmale und üblichen Baumaterialien seiner Zeit, sondern ist zudem, wie aus diesem Beitrag hervorgeht, repräsentativ für den Wohnungsbau der Nachkriegszeit, in der Politik und Entwicklung ausschlaggebend für die Gestaltung, den Bau und die Wohnkultur waren. However, the new building code allowed high-rise construction. Accessed 20 June Although the building was raised on pilotis and the ground floor was a semi-open common space in the initial design, it was enclosed soon after the construction was finished in Tüm hakları saklıdır. Steam'i Yükleyin. He had foreseen the US-guided postwar free trade boom and, in , had already made profitable deals with many US companies.
